Thursday, November 21, 2013

Founding a Religion (part 1a)

Due to a question on the last post, I thought I'd expand upon this portion with examples before moving on.

1)    The most important facet of any successful religion is that it be exclusive:  
In the Old Testament the Jews are referred to as the chosen people.  Judaism still does not actively recruit new adherents.  Islam offers specific benefits for believers, especially those who die in its service.  Hinduism is a broad description of a number of collected belief systems, but in general seem to agree on the idea of reincarnation and that by following their teachings you can eventually reach some form of heaven.  Buddhism is generally considered a philosophy, not truly a religion, but also offers methods to be good and skip off the cycle of reincarnation.  One exception to this exclusivity may be with permitting entry into Valhalla for warriors (who die in battle) from other cultures, but I'm honestly not sure on that one.

2)    Within each religion, there is normally a hierarchy connected to the piety (or whatever characteristic is considered most essential) of the clergy: 
Augury was practiced by the Delphic Oracle in ancient Greece as well as by the Hebrews.  Asking gods or spirits for a glimpse of the future has been a part of traditions great and small, probably since religion began.  Great learning connected with an intimate knowledge of holy texts (Sutras, Scripture, Vedas, Qur'an, etc.) has long been venerated as have those who have a direct connection to the gods (often through asceticism).  If you're the great Caesar, maybe you're related to a god.

3)    Not every member of a religion can be a priest, but there are roles of distinction for those who show devotion: 
In some Christian church services, there are lay leaders who read from the Bible or deal with the business of the church.  Human sacrifice is an old favorite from many ancient belief systems, like that of the Aztecs (okay, only some were voluntary).  Native American ceremonies included many members of the tribe as dancers and participants.  A Hazzan is a Jewish cantor, who helps lead the congregation in the singing of prayer.   

4)    Ritual is a defining feature of religious practice: 
Rituals can take a wide variety of forms.  It is said that the druids would sacrifice humans by building a large wicker man (see the earlier movie, not the one with Nic Cage) and then burning it with the fellow inside (though there were no records left by the druids themselves, the Romans say some things).  Religious meetings of all kinds are conducted according to rituals (just look at the wedding rituals of different cultures).  Muslims are called upon to pray five times per day (though it's flexible) as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

5)    Music and art have also been used to create a mood in the congregation appropriate to the needs of the situation: 
Music and rhythm are extremely important in religion as tools for memorization.  Think how many catchy tunes get stuck in your head.  If you attend any religious service, listen to any section where the congregation speaks and you will hear a rhythm (public speakers will also do this).  King David wrote songs of praise.  What about the call to worship in a Muslim dominated area?  Art was traditionally used in all traditions because many could (or can) not read, to remind the viewers of religious stories and their lessons. The symbolism was much more complex than in modern times (try understanding The Garden of Earthly Delights, by Hieronymous Bosch, without a written guide), but understood by its audience.


5 comments:

  1. http://www.farmington.ac.uk/documents/new_reports/WR70.pdf

    This may support some of your ideas on music and religion. Not all music was used for memorization, true many could not read Latin and would regurgitate the stories of the bible through song. I feel sorry for those who had to write the music, to make it halfway decent. To have good music you must have unity and variety.

    However, if you look at the raga's of Hinduism, the music and rhythmic patterns are used for a spiritual connection. Each of the tabla's rhythmic pattern has different meaning.

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  2. Thanks for the addition Julianna. That seems like a pretty thorough summary of the religious use of music in many of the world's faiths. A helpful resource for uninitiated (like myself in most cases).

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    1. You made me curious about human sacrifices and also made me remember of some South American Indians’ and African Tribes’ rituals on the same line. It’s known around here that some Brazilian Indian Tribes ate their battle enemies because of the belief of this way who eats could get the strength and wisdom of who’s eaten. They (I’m not sure about which tribe or even if it’s the same tribe) also used to kill children with any born defect, because children needed to take care of themselves since they’re around 5 or 6 years old, when they were left in the forest in the night as survival test. Some didn’t come back and they believed that was their gods wishes.

      Until these days some African Tribes practice female genital mutilation, trying to keep women virgin for long time, especially until marriage. This way they can’t feel pleasure during sex. The problem about this information is that I’m not sure if these rituals are religious. At some places in Africa they can be associated to Islam, but there are no trustable evidences. And the Latin Tribes have small communities so it’s hard to find out if those were behaviors really related to religion or related only to social costumes.

      About what Romans said over centuries, I don’t like to believe because they killed a lot of other cultures to establish their Empire. There are only a few evidences about human sacrifice by druids although if they burned their sacrificed it’s difficult to find evidences of that kind of practice.

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    2. Sorry, the word costumes in portuguese means mores or bahaviors, I'm not sure what is the word in english

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